- Wechsler Intelligence Scale For Children Pdf
- Wechsler Intelligence Scale For Children Pdf Download
- Wechsler Intelligence Scale For Children Pdf Download
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), developed by David Wechsler, is an individually administered intelligence test for children between the ages of 6 and 16. The Fifth Edition (WISC-V; Wechsler, 2014) is the most recent version.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale | |
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Medical diagnostics | |
ICD-9-CM | 94.01 |
MeSH | D014888 |
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is an IQ test designed to measure intelligence and cognitive ability in adults and older adolescents.[1] The original WAIS (Form I) was published in February 1955 by David Wechsler, as a revision of the Wechsler–Bellevue Intelligence Scale, released in 1939.[2] It is currently in its fourth edition (WAIS-IV) released in 2008 by Pearson, and is the most widely used IQ test, for both adults and older adolescents, in the world. Data collection for the next version (WAIS 5) began in 2016 and is expected to end in spring 2020.[3] The test is projected to publish in 2021.[citation needed]
Wechsler Intelligence Scale For Children Pdf
- 2Wechsler–Bellevue Intelligence Scale
- 5WAIS-III
- 6WAIS-IV
History[edit]
The WAIS is founded on Wechsler's definition of intelligence, which he defined as '.. the global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment.'[4] He believed that intelligence was made up of specific elements that could be isolated, defined, and subsequently measured. However, these individual elements were not entirely independent, but were all interrelated. His argument, in other words, is that general intelligence is composed of various specific and interrelated functions or elements that can be individually measured.[5]
This theory differed greatly from the Binet scale which, in Wechsler's day, was generally considered the supreme authority with regard to intelligence testing. A drastically revised new version of the Binet scale, released in 1937, received a great deal of criticism from David Wechsler (after whom the original Wechsler–Bellevue Intelligence scale and the modern Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV are named).[5]
- Wechsler was a very influential advocate for the concept of non-intellective factors, and he felt that the 1937 Binet scale did not do a good job of incorporating these factors into the scale (non-intellective factors are variables that contribute to the overall score in intelligence, but are not made up of intelligence-related items. These include things such as lack of confidence, fear of failure, attitudes, etc.).
- Wechsler did not agree with the idea of a single score that the Binet test gave.[5]
- Wechsler argued that the Binet scale items were not valid for adult test-takers because the items were chosen specifically for use with children.[5]
- The 'Binet scale's emphasis on speed, with timed tasks scattered throughout the scale, tended to unduly handicap older adults.'[5]
- Wechsler believed that 'mental age norms clearly did not apply to adults.'[5]
- Wechsler criticized the then existing Binet scale because 'it did not consider that intellectual performance could deteriorate as a person grew older.'[5]
These criticisms of the 1937 Binet test helped produce the Wechsler–Bellevue scale, released in 1939. While this scale has been revised (resulting in the present day WAIS-IV), many of the original concepts Wechsler argued for, have become standards in psychological testing, including the point-scale concept and the performance-scale concept.[5]
Wechsler–Bellevue Intelligence Scale[edit]
The Wechsler–Bellevue tests were innovative in the 1930s because they:
- gathered tasks created for nonclinical purposes for administration as a 'clinical test battery',[6]
- used the point scale concept instead of the age scale, and
- included a non-verbal performance scale.[7][8]
Point scale concept[edit]
In the Binet scales (prior to the 1986 version) items were grouped according to age level. Each of these age levels was composed of a group of tasks that could be passed by two-thirds to three-quarters of the individuals in that level. This meant that items were not arranged according to content. Additionally, an individual taking a Binet test would only receive credit if a certain number of the tasks were completed. This meant that falling short just one task required for the credit, resulted in no credit at all (for example, if passing three out of four tasks was required to receive credit, then passing two yielded no credit).[5]
The point scale concept significantly changed the way testing was done by assigning credits or points to each item. This had two large effects. First, this allowed items to be grouped according to content. Second, participants were able to receive a set number of points or credits for each item passed.[9] The result was a test that could be made up of different content areas (or subtests) with both an overall score and a score for each content area. In turn, this allowed for an analysis to be made of an individual's ability in a variety of content areas (as opposed to one general score).[5]
The Non-Verbal Performance Scale[edit]
The non-verbal performance scale was also a critical difference from the Binet scale. Since the 'early Binet scale had been persistently and consistently criticized for its emphasis on language and verbal skills,'[5] Wechsler made an entire scale that allowed the measurement of nonverbal intelligence. This became known as a performance scale. Essentially, this scale required a subject to do something (such as 'copying symbols or point to a missing detail'[5]) rather than just answer questions. This was an important development as it attempted to overcome biases that were caused by 'language, culture, and education.'[5] Further, this scale also provided an opportunity to observe a different type of behavior because something physical was required. Clinicians were able to observe how a participant reacted to the 'longer interval of sustained effort, concentration, and attention' that the performance tasks required.[5]
While the Wechsler–Bellevue scale was the first to effectively use the performance scale (meaning that (1) there was a 'possibility of directly comparing an individual's verbal and nonverbal intelligence',[5] and (2) that 'the results of both scales were expressed in comparable units'[5]), the idea had been around for a while. The Binet scale did have performance tasks (although they were geared towards children) and there were entire tests that were considered supplements or alternatives (an example of such a performance test is the Leiter International Performance Scale).[5]
WAIS[edit]
The WAIS was initially created as a revision of the Wechsler–Bellevue Intelligence Scale (WBIS), which was a battery of tests published by Wechsler in 1939. The WBIS was composed of subtests that could be found in various other intelligence tests of the time, such as Robert Yerkes' army testing program and the Binet-Simon scale. The WAIS was first released in February 1955 by David Wechsler. Because the Wechsler tests included non-verbal items (known as performance scales) as well as verbal items for all test-takers, and because the 1960 form of Lewis Terman's Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales was less carefully developed than previous versions, Form I of the WAIS surpassed the Stanford–Binet tests in popularity by the 1960s.[2]
WAIS-R[edit]
The WAIS-R, a revised form of the WAIS, was released in 1981 and consisted of six verbal and five performance subtests. The verbal tests were: Information, Comprehension, Arithmetic, Digit Span, Similarities, and Vocabulary. The Performance subtests were: Picture Arrangement, Picture Completion, Block Design, Object Assembly, and Digit Symbol. A verbal IQ, performance IQ and full scale IQ were obtained.[10]
This revised edition did not provide new validity data, but used the data from the original WAIS; however new norms were provided, carefully stratified.[10]
WAIS-III[edit]
The WAIS-III, a subsequent revision of the WAIS and the WAIS-R, was released in 1997. It provided scores for Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full Scale IQ, along with four secondary indices (Verbal Comprehension, Working Memory, Perceptual Organization, and Processing Speed).
Verbal IQ (VIQ)[edit]
Included seven tests and provided two subindexes; verbal comprehension and working memory.
The Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) included the following tests:
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- Information
- Similarities
- Vocabulary
The Working Memory Index (WMI) included:
- Arithmetic
- Digit Span
Letter-Number Sequencing and Comprehension are not included in these indices, but are used as substitutions for spoiled subtests within the WMI and VCI, respectively.
Performance IQ (PIQ)[edit]
Included six tests and it also provided two subindexes; perceptual organization and processing speed.
The Perceptual Organization Index (POI) included:
- Matrix Reasoning
- Picture Completion
The Processing Speed Index (PSI) included:
- Symbol Search
Two tests; Picture Arrangement and Object Assembly were not included in the indexes. Object Assembly is not included in the PIQ.
WAIS-IV[edit]
The current version of the test, the WAIS-IV, which was released in 2008, is composed of 10 core subtests and five supplemental subtests, with the 10 core subtests yielding scaled scores that sum to derive the Full Scale IQ. With the WAIS-IV, the verbal/performance IQ scores from previous versions were removed and replaced by the index scores. The General Ability Index (GAI) was included, which consists of the Similarities, Vocabulary and Information subtests from the Verbal Comprehension Index and the Block Design, Matrix Reasoning and Visual Puzzles subtests from the Perceptual Reasoning Index. The GAI is clinically useful because it can be used as a measure of cognitive abilities that are less vulnerable to impairments of processing speed and working memory.
Index scores and scales[edit]
There are four index scores representing major components of intelligence:
- Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI)
- Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI)
- Working Memory Index (WMI)
- Processing Speed Index (PSI)
Two broad scores, which can be used to summarize general intellectual ability, can also be derived:
- Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), based on the total combined performance of the VCI, PRI, WMI, and PSI
- General Ability Index (GAI), based only on the six subtests that the VCI and PRI comprise.
Index | Task | Core? | Description | Proposed abilities measured |
---|---|---|---|---|
Verbal Comprehension | Similarities | Describe how two words or concepts are similar. | Abstract verbal reasoning; semantic knowledge | |
Vocabulary | Name objects in pictures or define words presented to them. | Semantic knowledge; verbal comprehension and expression | ||
Information | General knowledge questions | Degree of general information acquired from culture | ||
Comprehension | Questions about social situations or common concepts. | Ability to express abstract social conventions, rules and expressions | ||
Perceptual Reasoning | Block Design | Put together red-and-white blocks in a pattern according to a displayed model. This is timed, and some of the more difficult puzzles award bonuses for speed. | Visual spatial processing and problem solving; visual motor construction | |
Matrix Reasoning | View an array of pictures with one missing square, and select the picture that fits the array from five options. | Nonverbal abstract problem solving, inductive reasoning | ||
Visual Puzzles | View a puzzle in a stimulus book and choose from among pieces of which three could construct the puzzle | Visual spatial reasoning | ||
Picture Completion | Select the missing part of a picture | Ability to quickly perceive visual details | ||
Figure Weights | View a stimulus book that pictures shapes on a scale (or scales) with one empty side and select the choice that keeps the scale balanced | Quantitative reasoning | ||
Working Memory | Digit Span | Listen to sequences of numbers orally and to repeat them as heard, in reverse order, and in ascending order. | Working memory, attention, encoding, auditory processing | |
Arithmetic | Orally administered arithmetic word problems. Timed. | Quantitative reasoning, concentration, mental manipulation | ||
Letter-Number Sequencing | Recall a series of numbers in increasing order and letters in alphabetical order. | Working memory, attention, mental control | ||
Processing Speed | Symbol Search | View rows of symbols and target symbols, and mark whether or not the target symbols appear in each row. | Processing speed | |
Coding | Transcribe a digit-symbol code using a key. The task is time-limited. | Processing speed, associative memory, graphomotor speed | ||
Cancellation | Scan arrangements of shapes and mark specific target shapes within a limited amount of time | Processing speed |
Standardization[edit]
The WAIS-IV was standardized on a sample of 2,200 people in the United States ranging in age from 16 to 90.[11] An extension of the standardization has been conducted with 688 Canadians in the same age range.
Age range and uses[edit]
The WAIS-IV measure is appropriate for use with individuals aged 16–90 years. For individuals under 16 years, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC, 6–16 years) and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI, 2½–7 years, 7 months) are used.
Intelligence tests may be utilized in populations with psychiatric illness or brain injury, in order to assess level of cognitive functioning, though some regard this use as controversial[who?]. Rehabilitation psychologists and neuropsychologists use the WAIS-IV and other neuropsychological tests to assess how the brain is functioning after injury. Specific subtests provide information on a specific cognitive function. For example, digit span may be used to get a sense of attentional difficulties. Each subtest score is tallied and calculated with respect to neurotypical norms.
WASI-II[edit]
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI-II) is a very short form used to estimate intellectual functioning.[12] Download ps2 emulator with bios for pc.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Kaufman, Alan S.; Lichtenberger, Elizabeth (2006). Assessing Adolescent and Adult Intelligence (3rd ed.). Hoboken (NJ): Wiley. p. 3. ISBN978-0-471-73553-3. Lay summary (22 August 2010).
- ^ abKaufman, Alan S.; Lichtenberger, Elizabeth (2006). Assessing Adolescent and Adult Intelligence (3rd ed.). Hoboken (NJ): Wiley. p. 7. ISBN978-0-471-73553-3. Lay summary (22 August 2010).
- ^'Current Opportunities'. www.pearsonassessments.com. Pearson. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
- ^Wechsler, David (1939). The Measurement of Adult Intelligence. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Witkins. p. 229.
- ^ abcdefghijklmnopqKaplan, R. M.; Saccuzzo, D. P. (2010). Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, & Issues (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage learning.
- ^Kaufman, Alan S.; Lichtenberger, Elizabeth (2006). Assessing Adolescent and Adult Intelligence (3rd ed.). Hoboken (NJ): Wiley. p. 6. ISBN978-0-471-73553-3. Lay summary (22 August 2010).
- ^Nicolas, Serge; Andrieu, Bernard; Croizet, Jean-Claude; Sanitioso, Rasyid B.; Burman, Jeremy Trevelyan (2013). 'Sick? Or slow? On the origins of intelligence as a psychological object'. Intelligence. 41 (5): 699–711. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.08.006.
- ^Kaufman, Alan S. (2009). IQ Testing 101. New York: Springer Publishing. p. 112. ISBN978-0-8261-0629-2.Sattler, Jerome M. (2008). Assessment of Children: Cognitive Foundations. La Mesa (CA): Jerome M. Sattler, Publisher. inside back cover. ISBN978-0-9702671-4-6. Lay summary (28 July 2010).
- ^Kaplan, R. M.; Saccuzzo, D. P. (2009). Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
- ^ ab'Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Revised'. LIST OF TESTS Available from the CPS Testing Library. Center for Psychological Studies at Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
- ^'Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition Now Available From Pearson' (Press release). Pearson. 28 August 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
- ^Validity of the Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence and other very short forms of estimating intellectual functioning. by BN Axelrod - 2002 - Cited by 187 Performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III) was compared to performance on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), .
Further reading[edit]
- Matarazzo, Joseph D. (1972). Wechsler's Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence (5th and enlarged ed.). Baltimore (MD): Williams & Witkins. Lay summary(PDF) (4 June 2013).
- Wechsler, David (1939). The Measurement of Adult Intelligence. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Witkins.
- Wechsler, David (1958). The Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence (4th ed.). Baltimore (MD): Williams & Witkins. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
- Weiss, Lawrence G.; Saklofske, Donald H.; Coalson, Diane; Raiford, Susan, eds. (2010). WAIS-IV Clinical Use and Interpretation: Scientist-Practitioner Perspectives. Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional. Alan S. Kaufman (Foreword). Amsterdam: Academic Press. ISBN978-0-12-375035-8. Lay summary (16 August 2010). This practitioner's handbook includes chapters by Diane L. Coalson, Susan Engi Raiford, Donald H. Saklofske, Lawrence G. Weiss, Hsinyi Chen, Jossette G. Harris, James A. Holdnack, Xiaobin Zhou, Jianjun Zhu, Jacques Gregoire, Munro Cullum, Glenn Larrabee, Gerald Goldstein, Timothy A. Salthouse, and Lisa W. Drozdick.
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wechsler_Adult_Intelligence_Scale&oldid=910901762'
Definition
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, often abbreviated as WISC, is an individually administered measure of intelligence intended for children aged six years to 16 years and 11 months.
Purpose
The WISC is designed to measure human intelligence as reflected in both verbal and nonverbal (performance) abilities. David Wechsler, the author of the test, believed that intelligence has a global quality that reflects a variety of measurable skills. He also thought that it should be considered in the context of the person's overall personality.
The WISC is used in schools as part of placement evaluations for programs for gifted children and for children who are developmentally disabled.
In addition to its uses in intelligence assessment, the WISC is used in neuropsychological evaluation, specifically with regard to brain dysfunction. Large differences in verbal and nonverbal intelligence may indicate specific types of brain damage.
The WISC is also used for other diagnostic purposes. IQ scores reported by the WISC can be used as part of the diagnostic criteria for mental retardation and specific learning disabilities. The test may also serve to better evaluate children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other behavior disorders.
Precautions
The Wechsler intelligence scales are not considered adequate measures of extreme intelligence (IQ scores below 40 and above 160). The scoring process does not allow for scores outside this range for test takers at particular ages. Wechsler himself was even more conservative, stressing that his scales were not appropriate for people with IQs below 70 or above 130. Despite this restriction, many people use the WISC as a measure of the intelligence of gifted children, who typically score above 130. The age range for the WISC overlaps with that of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) for people between 16 and 17 years of age, but experts suggest that the WISC provides a better measure for people in this age range.
Administration and scoring of the WISC require a competent administrator who must be able to interact and communicate with children of different ages and must know test protocol and specifications. WISC administrators must receive training in the proper use of the instrument and demonstrate awareness of all test guidelines.
Description
The Wechsler intelligence tests , which include the WISC, the WAIS, and the WPPSI (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence), are the most widely used intelligence and neuropsychological assessments. The first version of the WISC was written in 1949 by David Wechsler. The newest version of the WISC is the WISC-III (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition, most recently updated in 1991). Since Wechsler's death in 1981, the tests have been revised by their publisher, the Psychological Corporation.
The theoretical basis for the WISC and the other Wechsler scales is Wechsler's belief that human intelligence is a complex ability involving a variety of skills. Because intelligence is multifaceted, Wechsler believed, a test measuring intelligence must reflect this diversity. After dividing intelligence into two major types of skills—verbal and performance—Wechsler used a statistical technique called factor analysis to determine which specific skills fit within these two major domains.
The current version of the WISC (the WISC-III) consists of 13 subtests and takes between 50 and 75 minutes to complete. The test is taken individually, with an administrator present to give instructions. Each subtest is given separately. There is some flexibility in the administration of the WISC—the administrator may end some subtests early if the test taker appears to have reached the limit of his or her capacity. Tasks on the WISC include questions of general knowledge, traditional arithmetic problems, English vocabulary, completion of mazes, and arrangements of blocks and pictures.
Children who take the WISC are scored by comparing their performance to other test takers of the same age. The WISC yields three IQ (intelligence quotient) scores, based on an average of 100, as well as subtest and index scores. WISC subtests measure specific verbal and performance abilities. The Wecshler scales were originally developed and later revised using standardization samples. The samples were meant to be representative of the United States population at the time of standardization.
The WISC is considered to be a valid and reliable measure of general intelligence in children. It is regularly used by researchers in many areas of psychology and child development as a general measure of intelligence. It has also been found to be a good measure of both fluid and crystallized intelligence. Fluid intelligence refers to inductive and deductive reasoning, skills that are thought to be largely influenced by neurological and biological factors. Fluid intelligence is measured by the performance subtests of the WISC. Crystallized intelligence refers to knowledge and skills that are primarily influenced by environmental and sociocultural factors. It is measured by the verbal subtests of the WISC. Wechsler himself did not divide overall intelligence into these two types. The definition of fluid and crystallized intelligence as two major categories of cognitive ability, however, has been a focus of research for many intelligence theorists.
Verbal IQ
The child's verbal IQ score is derived from scores on six of the subtests: information, digit span, vocabulary, arithmetic, comprehension, and similarities.
The information subtest is a test of general knowledge, including questions about geography and literature. The digit span subtest requires the child to repeat strings of digits recited by the examiner. The vocabulary and arithmetic subtests are general measures of the child's vocabulary and arithmetic skills. The comprehension subtest asks the child to solve practical problems and explain the meaning of simple proverbs. The similarities subtest asks the child to describe the similarities between pairs of items, for example that apples and oranges are both fruits.
Performance IQ
The child's performance IQ is derived from scores on the remaining seven subtests: picture completion, picture arrangement, block design, object assembly, coding, mazes, and symbol search.
In the picture completion subtest, the child is asked to complete pictures with missing elements. The picture arrangement subtest entails arranging pictures in order to tell a story. The block design subtest requires the child to use blocks to make specific designs. The object assembly subtest asks the child to put together pieces in such a way as to construct an entire object. In the coding subtest, the child makes pairs from a series of shapes or numbers. The mazes subtest asks the child to solve maze puzzles of increasing difficulty. The symbol search subtest requires the child to match symbols that appear in different groups. Scores on the performance subtests are based on both the speed of response and the number of correct answers.
Results
WISC scores yield an overall intelligence quotient, called the full scale IQ, as well as a verbal IQ and a performance IQ. The three IQ scores are standardized in such a way that a score of 100 is considered average and serves as a benchmark for higher and lower scores. Verbal and performance IQ scores are based on scores on the 13 subtests.
The full scale IQ is derived from the child's scores on all of the subtests. It reflects both verbal IQ and performance
A child taking the picture arrangement portion of the WISC. (Lew Merrim/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc. Photo reproduced by permission.)
IQ and is considered the single most reliable and valid score obtained by the WISC. When a child's verbal and performance IQ scores are far apart, however, the full scale IQ should be interpreted cautiously. Resources
BOOKS
Groth-Marnat, Gary. Handbook of Psychological Assessment. 3rd edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1997.
Kline, Paul. The Handbook of Psychological Testing. New York: Routledge, 1999.
Wechsler Intelligence Scale For Children Pdf Download
McGrew, Kevin S., and Dawn P. Flanagan. The Intelligence Test Desk Reference. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1998.